map
Neurotechnology Landscape
Devices and methods that read or modulate the nervous system, grouped by invasiveness.
A map of the neurotechnology landscape - from non-invasive consumer EEG to fully implanted brain-computer interfaces - organized by where the device meets the nervous system.
Non-invasive
EEG / consumer headsets
Scalp electrodes; low spatial resolution, high accessibility.
fMRI
Hemodynamic imaging; whole-brain, slow temporal scale.
MEG
Magnetic field detection; millisecond timing.
Semi-invasive
ECoG / Synchron Stentrode
Surface or vascular electrodes; clinical BCI use.
Invasive / implanted
Neuralink N1
Thread-based intracortical array; high-channel-count BCI.
BrainGate / Utah array
Microelectrode array used in landmark BCI typing and speech studies.
Precision Neuroscience
Subdural film electrode arrays; reversible placement.
Stimulation & modulation
TMS
Transcranial magnetic stimulation; clinical depression treatment.
Deep brain stimulation
Implanted leads; Parkinson's, OCD, depression.
tDCS / tACS
Low-current electrical stimulation; research and consumer use.
Key takeaways
- Invasiveness trades off resolution against accessibility and risk.
- BCIs are converging toward high-bandwidth, chronic implants.
- Stimulation and recording technologies are increasingly combined in closed-loop systems.
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